德國地方政府的行政區域重劃源自十九世紀末，甚至更早以前，不過，實施的範圍有限，而且主要集中在工業發達的魯爾區(Ruhrgebiet)。一直到 1960 年代因為社會變遷、經濟蓬勃發展，機動性的提高，人民對地方政府的要求不斷提高，而地方政府卻因為規模太小、行政能力薄弱，難以滿足人民的需求。而另一方面，由於地方自治的實質內容減少，地方自治的意義不斷被質疑，於是為了強化地方政府的治理能力、提升地方政府的行政能力和效率以及落實地方自治的精神，德國各邦政府從 1960..

The territorial reform in Germany at the local government level began in the end of the 19th century or even earlier. But the scale and the scope of its implementation was very limited and happened in the majority of cases in the Ruhr area. During the 1960s, the social situation had changed greatly, the economy boomed, and the mobility increased; the demand of people for local government had gradually enhanced on the one hand, but the real substance of self-administration had evidently reduced, so that the meaning of self- ad..

受到 1980 年代起國際關係理論第三次大辯論的影響，政治地授學者與國際關係學者也將後設理論的爭論帶進地緣政治研究，後現代地緣政治或批判性地緣政治是運用後結構主義、後現代主義與批判理論作為其論述的哲學基礎。批判性地緣政治是質疑傳統地緣政治的本體論與知識論的前提假定，解構傳統地緣政治對世界政治的觀察，以及挑戰其以國家為中心的政治實踐。也就是解構傳統地緣政治的霸權論述，以及質疑在主要強國的地緣政治實踐所發現的權力關係。批判性地緣政治研究影響了地緣政治研究的方向與內涵，擴展了其研究議題，但要改..

Due to the influence of the third Great Debate on International Relations Theory in the 1980s, scholars in Geopolitics and International Relations have brought the debates of metatheory into geopolitical research. They have used Post structuralism, Postmodernism, and Critical Theory philosophical foundations to question traditional geopolitics about its ontological and epistemological assumptions, to destructure its perspectives on world politics, and to challenge its state-centered political practices. Therefore, they have been called the ..

本文擬由英國的經驗來探討台灣的醫療資源配給問題，期能藉此對台灣現階段的資源配給議題提出具體的建議。本文所指的英國經驗，包括英國政府或民間所實施的實務經驗，以及英國本土學者所進行的理念論戰，因為實務與理論對於台灣的具體政策建議具有同等重要性。 本文分為四個段落，第一個段落先就名詞作界定，並陳述資源配給的層級與型式，以作為討論的基礎。第二段探討資源配給的若干原則，包括以需要為基礎的效率、公平和可行性三個原則的取捨，區分決策層級的配給原則，以及說明配給過程中應由資訊亦或機構取得優先地位..

This article aims to explore the experience of rationing of healthcare resources in the UK, and its implications for the healthcare system reform in Taiwan. The UK experience of rationing mentioned in this article includes the practical policy or clinical issues faced by the UK government, as well as the theoretical or conceptual debates among researchers in the UK. It is revealed that the practical and theoretical issues have equivalent impact on the policy implications for healthcare rationing in Taiwan. Four sections are presented. T..

在調查資料的累積下，研究者可運用計量方法來進行以「比較問題」為目的之實證研究。在問題取向上除了針對特定主題進行跨年度的比較外，學者也關注不同國家或區域的比較研究，也可依理論設定，對特定標的從事比較問題設定。 本文的目的在於從方法論出發，探討從事計量研究時所應關切的比較問題邏輯。首先，作者說明比較研究的問題本質，並提出比較單元與分析單位異同時的不同研究架構;接著進一步討論在比較的架構下，如何運用適當計量模型設定方式，方能對於比較問題提出直..

In recent years, it is possible that researchers apply quantitative method to comparative inquiries by the accumulation of cross-sectional survey data. Accordingly, some political scientists start to explore and study comparative inquiries tested by pooled cross sectional data, sorted by the units such as time, countries and some specific subjects guided through theoretical postulates. This paper is concerned about the logic and application of quantitative research methodologically, especially in comparative inquir..

台海兩岸自 1949 年分裂至今，雙方的政策雖歷經不同階段的調整，但仍無法突破僵局。中共始終不放棄以武力方式解決台灣問題的可能性，堅持對台灣使用武力乃其處理國內事務之主權合法行使，不受國際法的限制。本文從國際法禁止使用武力原則的目的與相關實踐來看，此原則不僅針對國家，也對包括事實實體在內的其它國際法人適用。現階段台灣在國際法下的國家地位雖有些爭議，但不影響其作為一個受國際法規範與保障的事實實體。不過，在兩岸關係中，由於中共堅持台灣問題為中國內政，且國際社會對..

The stand-off across the Taiwan Strait has, since 1949, continued to divide the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The PRC still insists that the Cross-Strait situation is an internal affair of China, and thus it upholds the position that using force against Taiwan is a legitimate exercise of sovereignty under international law. This article argues that, based on relevant practices, non-use of force as a principle under customary international law applies not only to States, but also to..