近代日本思想界總是企圖避免採用會凸顯日本的概念,一方面是對日本身在世界面前缺乏信心,二方面是身在亞洲面前會引發鄰國的猜忌。然而,在日本無法整合亞洲,但又對歐美強權追求和平的誠意與能力感到不足的時候,以日本作為一種有別於西方的和平主義身分,並不會引起亞洲的反彈或西方的排斥。本文以下刻意違反日本思想史習慣而提出的日本主義,其內涵是繞過亞洲,直接以日本作為世界性的國家,貢獻於世界性的形成,並以日本是世界上最有資格談和平與中立的民族,來反思西方、亞洲乃至於中國所代表的意義。日本主義不是任何學派提出的具體思想立場,而是尋求以日本直接面對世界的一種思維態勢,其背景在於歐洲接受日本為平等之一員,但歐洲不能充分提供完成世界性與普遍性理想的制度或政策出路,因此日本可以有獨特的貢獻,並且可以充滿信心的積極貢獻。本文蒐羅這種思想取向的各種蛛絲馬跡,名之為日本主義。
Modern history of Japanese thought always avoids the notion of “Japan” as thinkers do not consider Japan a valid identity to be presented to the world led by European civilizations. If Japan were to participate, it could only participate with confidence in the name of Asia. However, this Asia approach resulted in notorious expansionist war in history. After Cold War was over, Japan’s equal partnership in the world alongside European countries has appeared certain. On the other hand, Europeanness has not achieved the spirit of universal humanism. This provides the background for the emergence of a Japan that could participate in and contribute to the enrichment of such a spirit. The following discussion collects those nascent, sporadic pieces of evidence to suggest a possible rise of Japanism, embedded in peace-making, anti-nuclear movement, neutrality as well as human security. This is the first time in the Japanese thought history that Japan stands along in front of the world as a direct participant in the making of universal humanism.
當代中國政治領導人及公共知識分子努力營造中國是一個「負責任的大國」形象。雖然他們審慎地觀察外界如何期待中國,但是他們卻又未必願意滿足外界對於所謂「負責任」的定義。在全球化時代,外界總是關心中國是否能夠參與解決、減緩或預防各種全球治理問題。不過,不論是古典的或當代的中國政治思想,往往強調反躬自省,因此中國政府在體現對自身的世界責任時,幾乎無例外的都以中國能妥善處理與全球治理相關的內部問題為目標,以確保中國自己不成為全球問題為職志。相較於歐美發達國家勇於標舉全球..
Both the political leaders and intellectuals in China want to present the image of her being a responsible country in the world. Their understandings of responsibility are not directed at an external audience, although they closely watch what the latter expects of China. In the global age, the expectation is always about China’s contribution to conflict resolutions, and alleviation and prevention of global problems, whatever it may be. The Chinese political thoughts, classic as well as modern, are so grounded in their c..
瑞典與芬蘭是歐洲實施中立政策歷史相當悠久的國家,長期以來這兩國選擇中立作為外交政策主軸,不過2022年2月俄烏戰爭爆發後這兩國決意擺脫中立、改以申請加入北約為其新的外交目標,此種策略轉變對兩國與歐洲安全形成很大衝擊。芬蘭已於2023年4月4日加入北約,2023年7月北約峰會召開之際,土耳其與匈牙利亦表態支持瑞典入約。本文所欲探討者乃是分析這兩國為何調整其長久以來堅守的中立政策理念,過往多數觀點認為瑞、芬兩國拋棄中立乃因俄烏戰爭威脅所致,但實際觀察兩國政策演變,俄烏戰爭僅是政策轉折最後階段..
Sweden and Finland are countries with a long history of neutral policies, and they have traditionally chosen neutrality as their main direction for foreign policy. However, after the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War in February 2022, both countries have decided to abandon neutrality and adopt joining NATO as their new security strategy. This disruptive evolution of diplomatic strategy has had a significant impact on the security of both countries and Europe as a whole. As of the writing of this article, Finland has already joined NATO on..
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