霸權擁有生產高附加價值與高科技商品的獨佔地位，加之次等國單方依賴霸權商品，塑成霸權使用非暴力的經濟脅迫（economic coercion）措施，施壓目標國，以達到「不戰而屈人之兵」的戰略、政治與經貿目標。鴉片戰爭前，清帝國多次採取「封關」等貿易脅迫措施，禁絕茶葉出口，迫使英國等互市外夷屈服讓步，強化清帝國的經濟脅迫習慣（habit）。國際關係與外交決策的觀點，多批判清政府決策菁英的自大無知，或是強調滿清政權的朝貢制度天朝思維，而少有省思，清政府採取「封關」脅迫措施的決策過程，以及造成清..

Hegemons possess a monopolistic position in producing high-value-addedand high-tech goods, coupled with the unilateral dependence of subordinate states on these products. This dynamic enables hegemons to employ non-violent economic coercion to pressure target states, achieving strategic, political, andeconomic objectives aligned with the principle of “winning without fighting”. Before the Opium War, the Qing Empire frequently adopted trade coercion measures, such as “closing borders”, to ban tea exports and force..

2010年中國漁船與日本海上保安廳巡邏船於釣魚臺相撞之後，中國向日本禁運稀土，此例成為經濟脅迫的一個顯著案例。2019年左右中國官方媒體又再次將稀土視為與美國貿易戰的武器，此使中國的稀土政策、稀土供應鏈的韌性重新成為人們關注的焦點。為了確定稀土用於經濟制裁或經濟脅迫時的有效性，我們有必要重新審視中國2010年對日本進行稀土禁運案例。本文重新審視了當時日本政府對於中國對日禁運稀土所採取的一連串政策回應，並檢視2010年後日本與稀土相關的經濟安全政策。此外，基於此案例，本文發展出評估單一國家..

China’s media has reported multiple times that the country could use its rare earth exports as a countermeasure against the United States since the Trump administration launched its trade war. President Biden has sought international cooperation to bolster supply chains and counter China’s economic coercion, and rare earth elements have been identified as the key resources in this campaign. To determine whether rare earth elements can be used effectively in economic sanctions, we must re-examine China’s 2010 embargo on rar..

日本於2000年實施長照制度，服務的提供幾乎以營利的私部門為主，公部門和非營利組織所占比例有限，形成「以私為主，以公為輔」的服務供給模式。然而，如是的改變能否發揮公私「相互支應」的功能？在公私版圖大移轉的情況下，公私部門之間的關係有何轉變，又產生哪些問題？這些都是本文所欲探究的問題。 研究發現，日本照護服務的供給確實發揮公私相互支應的功能，在政府全國一致的價格管制下，雖然供給主體也有所不同，但因藉由準公共機關來彌補吸脂效應所產生的缺失，故能使基本照護服務勉強取得平衡，現階段服務供..

Japan adopted the long-term care insurance in 2000, with the majority of the services provided by the private sector, and a limited proportion provided by the public sector and non-profit organizations. The services therefore is mainly provided by the private sector and supplemented by the public sector. However, would this change be able to facilitate mutual support among the public and private sector? What kind of relationship change and issues would occur under the public-private transition? These are the questions that would be discusse..

學界對於民粹主義如何適當地概念化仍有諸多異見，同時關於普丁主義及其是否為民粹主義也面臨爭議。本文的研究目的不是繼續爭議普丁是否為民粹主義者，而是從西方的民粹主義的基本定義中「人民」、「反菁英」、「普遍意志」三個要素出發，首先討論19世紀俄國民粹主義的發展及其本質，進而探討普丁民粹主義操作下的歷史繼承與變異。筆者認為19世紀的俄國的民粹主義運動與今天普丁主義的民粹操作已經截然不同，二者的連結只剩下從俄羅斯歷史發展中「分裂的特殊性」所發展出的「整合對立的救贖」─俄羅斯獨特發展道路的神話。在此..

There remains considerable disagreement in academic circles on how to conceptualize populism properly, and there is also ongoing debate about whether Putinism should be classified as a form of populism. The purpose of this research is not to continue to dispute whether Putin is a populist, but to start from the three elements of the basic def inition of populism in the West: “the people”, “counter-elites” and “general will”, first discuss 19 the development and essence of Russian populism in the century, ..

永續發展是近年國際社會共同關注與致力推動的重大議題，在世界貿易組織（WTO）成員國推動下，投資便捷化與發展協定（IFDA）草案於2024年第13屆部長會議（MC13）提出。IFDA的重點規範包括推動投資措施的便捷化與投資人遵循負責任的企業行（RBC），惟IFDA僅要求成員國鼓勵投資人自願採行RBC國際規範，欠缺具體獎勵誘因與制裁機制，成效存疑，作為推動永續發展的國際規範架構，顯有不足。本文認為應仿效WTO貿易便捷化協定（TFA）的授權營運商機制，於IFDA增訂永續投資人認證（RSI）制度..

Sustainable development has become a major issue for the international community in recent years. A great number of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Members proposed a draft of the Investment Facilitation and Development Agreement (IFDA) at the 13th Ministerial Conference (MC13) in 2024, but not accepted. IFDA’s key provisions include facilitating investment measures and encouraging investors to adhere to responsible business conduct (RBC). However, the IFDA only encourages ‘voluntary adoption’ of international RBC norms..