現有國際關係研究對於霸權主導國際制度已有一定之發現,不過對崛起強權參與建構國際制度的行為傾向,則附屬於霸權的相關討論,而未獲得一定之重視。霸權論一般認為,崛起強權在未發生霸權戰爭前,只能被迫遵循霸權主導 下的國際制度,唯有在崛起強權取得霸權地位之後,方能展示是創建國際制度的領導能力。霸權論由相對物質權力層面探索的崛起強權描述,僅能凸顯霸權戰爭的爆發,未必能勾勒出崛起強權的全面行為,亦未能解釋霸權繼承者的條件。
發生霸權更迭之前,並非沒有發生崛起強權參與建構國際制度的案例,例如德意志帝國在 1878 年主持柏林公會,解決東歐巴爾幹問題,更於 1885 年的柏林會議中達成列強瓜分非洲的行為準則;美國在 1922 年主導華盛頓會議,成功地就列強的海軍軍備管制與列強在亞太努力範圍問題,達成協議。
探索崛起強權參與國際制度建構過程的歷史實踐後發現,國際制度是崛起強權與霸權之間的權力競合場域,霸權並不擁有主導國際制度創建過程的專利,面臨其他競爭者的壓力,崛起強權亦能透過策略結盟,成就是創建國際制度的主 導性地位。
The exploration of the rising power has been subordinated to the arguments of hegemony and revisionist states. The Hegemonic Stability Theory and Power Transfer Theory have argued that the rising power has to follow international instructions set according to the hegemonic interests before the break out of hegemony war through which the rising power revolts the status quo hegemon. This approach might describe the reasons of hegemonic war; however, it might not be able to explain the overall behavior patterns of rising power in the construction of international institutions.
It is evident that before the hegemonic transition, there are cases that the rising power has participated actively in the construction of international institutions. For example, the 1878 Berlin Congress, the 1885 Berlin Conference on the West-African Question, and the 1922 Washington Conference.
This article argues that the international institutions are the arenas of power competition among the hegemon and the rising power. Relative to the hegemonic war, the domination of the international institutions construction is a more suitable beacon to clarify the final winner of the hegemonic status competition in which rising powers participate.
討論國際經貿規範的法制化過程,無法規避國際法與國家間的權力運作問題,更不能忽視國際社會不存在最高權威之國際無政府狀態的事實。國際社會存在國家資源暨地位的不對稱差異,使強權得以操縱國際經貿議程,建構符合強權利益的國際經貿規範。形式上,國際經貿規範的法制化,係參與者基於對等地位,透過雙邊暨多邊談判後所建構而成的法律,但其實質內容,仍反映強權國家在不對等的基礎上,操縱談判議程,鑲嵌強權利益,扭曲平等正義,強化本國優勢,限制對手經貿發展機會之事實。 ..
It is hard to neglect neither the fact of power competition nor the anarchic character of the international society as scholar researches the context and the practice of international law. The asymmetric distribution of international resources enhances the possibility for powerful states to manipulate the agenda of International Economic law legalization processes, which are therefore constructed in according with the interests of the international Powers. Formally, international economic laws are instituted through bilateral..
霸權擁有生產高附加價值與高科技商品的獨佔地位,加之次等國單方依賴霸權商品,塑成霸權使用非暴力的經濟脅迫(economic coercion)措施,施壓目標國,以達到「不戰而屈人之兵」的戰略、政治與經貿目標。鴉片戰爭前,清帝國多次採取「封關」等貿易脅迫措施,禁絕茶葉出口,迫使英國等互市外夷屈服讓步,強化清帝國的經濟脅迫習慣(habit)。國際關係與外交決策的觀點,多批判清政府決策菁英的自大無知,或是強調滿清政權的朝貢制度天朝思維,而少有省思,清政府採取「封關」脅迫措施的決策過程,以及造成清..
Hegemons possess a monopolistic position in producing high-value-addedand high-tech goods, coupled with the unilateral dependence of subordinate states on these products. This dynamic enables hegemons to employ non-violent economic coercion to pressure target states, achieving strategic, political, andeconomic objectives aligned with the principle of “winning without fighting”. Before the Opium War, the Qing Empire frequently adopted trade coercion measures, such as “closing borders”, to ban tea exports and force..
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