二次世界大戰後,若干國家為使其外匯存底或公共基金產生更佳的增長效益,開始由政府設置主權財富基金,近年來其規模急遽膨脹而備受矚目,2007 年較 2006 年增加 18%而為 3.3 兆美元,預估至 2015 年將超過 12 兆美元。2008 年開始因美國次級房貸所引發的全球金融危機,主權財富基金成為許多國家與企業救亡圖存的希望。從國際政治經濟學的角度來看,符合「相互依存理論」與全球化理論中「過程論」的觀點;但在迅速發展下也出現了若干問題,不但動輒影響國際金融市場,在資訊不對稱的情況下也形成相當之政經風險,並引發其他國家的猜疑。
After World War II, in order to obtain better growth performance from the large foreign exchange reserves or public funds, several new financial institutions in East Asia and oil-producing countries in the Middle East started to have their governments establishing the Sovereign Wealth Fund. The Sovereign Wealth Fund has attracted wide attention as their scales rapidly expanded in recent years. The fund scale increased by 18% in 2007, as compared to 2006, and reached USD 330 billion. It is estimated that the funds will exceed USD 12 trillion in 2015. The large capital of the Sovereign Wealth Fund appeared especially important in the 2008 global financial crisis caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S, and became the lifesaver to countries and companies on the verge of bankruptcy. Basically, from the perspective of international political economics, the development of the Sovereign Wealth Fund conforms to the Interdependency Theory and the Process Theory in the globalization theories. However, on the other hand, the rapid development of the Sovereign Wealth Fund has led to several problems, which not only influence international financial markets, but also trigger political and economical risks under information asymmetry that leads to suspicions of other countries. In particular, China, the world’s largest holder of foreign exchange reserves, established the Sovereign Wealth Fund in 2007, as its socialist government structure and authoritative dictatorship governance, as well as the increasingly evident international political and economical strength, have aroused international concerns. However, whether it will make the “Statist Theory” that stresses commercialism becoming a mainstream deserves further observations.
過去以來新加坡的主權基金,由於其卓越的經營績效與成功的管理模式,被視為全球主權基金的模範生。而不論是新加坡政府投資公司析或是淡馬錫控股公司,這兩大新加坡主權基金者都建構出不同的發展與投資模式,除了相輔相成地提昇了新加坡在國際間的政治經濟實力,而且將其收益還富於民。本文透過 「相互依存」 與「經濟激勵」的角度,分析新加坡主權基金發展迄今的意義, 特別是在 2007 年美國發生次貸風暴而引發的全球金融危機後,其重要性與競爭優勢更被凸顯。但是不可諱言的是,當其資金大舉輸出與進行企業併購之後,也..
In the past, the Sovereign Wealth Funds of Singapore was viewed as a paradigm for global Sovereign Wealth Funds due to its outstanding management performance and successful management model. Regardless of Government of Singapore Investment Corporation and Temasek Holdings (Pte) Ltd, these two major Sovereign Wealth Funds constructed divergent development trajectories and investment patterns. Except for collectively improving Singapore's political-economic power around the world, they also benefited Singaporean citizens financially. Thro..
本文試圖深入分析私權威的概念,並評析近期學界對於自願性全球標準的研究成果。本文認為,私權威的概念能對全球治理研究提供兩項重要貢獻:首先,私權威的概念挑戰了強調國際無政府狀態的傳統觀點以及以國家為中心的研究途徑。其次,私權威的概念有助於研究者以行為者導向的途徑來解釋全球治理中的變異現象。以私權威的概念作為基礎,本文疏 理了自願性全球標準的發展情勢,並以氣候債券倡議組織作為關鍵個案,評析自願性全球標準的三個研究方向:自願性全球標準的形成、自願性全球標準在形式上的變異,以及自願性全球標準的成效..
This article examines the concept of private authority and the current studies of voluntary global standards. This article argues that the concept of private authority can contribute to the study of global governance in two ways. First, the concept of private authority challenges the traditional views of international anarchy and the state-center approach. Second, the concept of private authority provides the foundation for the actor-oriented approach to explain the variation in global governance. Based on the concept of private authority, ..
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