本文以「邊緣性」(marginality)的概念,詮釋小國愛沙尼亞(Estonia)的安全政策。「邊緣性」兼具地緣政治、認同、權力關係等多重意涵,適合用以探討小國的安全政策。從此觀點來看,位居邊緣位置的小國,不必然總是受制於中心或大國主導的秩序;由於前者本身是構成秩序的一部分,它也具有影響中心的可能性。後冷戰時期的愛沙尼亞,在外交與安全政策上可說由俄羅斯轉向西方。在這個置換中心的過程中,它一方面向新的中心(北約與歐盟)表達向心力,積極參與其主導的秩序,另一方面也藉由強調其特殊性,而影響北約與歐盟對俄羅斯與其他後蘇聯時期國家的政策。儘管有這些正面的事例,愛沙尼亞的策略卻也有其限制,例如它的觀點與批判,最終無法影響德國與俄羅斯主導的天然氣管線計畫。中心與邊緣的關係,因而是動態且有不同可能性的。
This paper attempts to (re)interpret Estonia’s security policy by adopting the concept of “marginality,” an idea that bears such elements as geopolitics, identity, size and power relations, and is therefore suitable for studying small states’ security policies. A small state located at the margin is not necessarily constrained by or subjected to the great power at the center, because as a constituent part of the very relationship, the margin always has certain potential to exert influence on the center. In the case of post-Cold War Estonia, the state has undergone a reorientation of foreign and security policy away from Russia and towards the West. In this process of “center- substitution,” Estonia has shown a great commitment to the new center by actively taking part in the order(s) constructed by the NATO (the United States in particular) and the EU. In addition, through exploiting its marginal position between Russia and the West, Estonia also seeks to shape the attitude of the NATO and EU towards the old center, Russia, and other post- Soviet states. Despite these positive practices, there are also limits to Estonia’s room of maneuver. An example in this regard can be found in Estonia’s failed attempts to overturn the “Nord Stream” gas pipeline project conducted and promoted by Germany and Russia. The relationships between a center and a margin therefore are dynamic and can have various outcomes.
從當前國際關係諸多研究來看,小國安全政策尚未成為國際關係的研究主流,即便小國數目眾多,多數研究仍指出影響國際關係發展的主要因素還是大國間互動關係。但隨冷戰結束、兩極對抗體系瓦解,眾多新興國際議題重要性逐漸升高,學術研究逐步重視新興議題對國家間互動之影響。從這個面向來看,冷戰結束使得許多小國逐漸拋棄傳統對立的安全政策,將重心擺在更廣泛的安全面向並同時擴及到其他眾多新興領域。關於此點觀察,透過對歐盟小國的案例分析,可更清楚說明此一趨勢。由於歐盟制度設計使然,小國..
As great power politics are regarded as trend setters in international relations(IR), most contemporary IR studies often neglected small states’ foreign behaviors. However, after the end of the Cold War, bipolar confrontation of great powers no longer existed, attentions began to turn to small states in the realm of international relations. The author argues that, with the help of proper design of methodological approach, the extent of small states’ external..
歐洲歷經兩極體系瓦解與區域整合不斷推進的國際局勢,處在歐洲大陸的眾多國家各自發展出不同的安全策略、採取多種途徑保障本身國家安全,我們認為歐洲國家的安全策略選擇有其路徑可循,本文著重討論此種策略選擇的因素分析。在案例揀選上,本文特別著重歐洲中小型國家安全策略選擇,這主要是因為過去相當長的時間國際關係學多著重於大國安全研究,對中小型國家重視程度仍有待提升,因此本文擬從中小型國家著手,分析這一群國家安全策略選擇。 在安全策略選擇模式建立上,本..
The European continent has been free of great wars since the end of Cold War. This article assesses security studies in international relations by focusing on middle ground states’ strategic choices in relation to great powers. We argue that Small and Medium States(SMSs)widespread in Eastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula and South Caucasus have their strategic calculations in shaping their security choices. The article posits that the decision-making process of SMSs’ security policies rests upon differentiated and cros..
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