歐盟於 1968 年成立一個糖共同行銷組織,在價格體系下,針對糖採取國內補貼與出口補貼。補貼額度超過歐盟 1995 年減讓承諾的補貼金額與出口數量,影響到澳洲、巴西與泰國糖的出口利益,而向 WTO 提起控訴。本案顯示補貼問題的複雜性,尤其很多國家透過國內補貼,而對出口產品實施交叉補貼,形成變相的出口補貼,這是本案的主要爭議。歐盟糖出口補貼被認定為違反 WTO 農業協定相關規定,因此影響到澳洲、巴西與泰國糖合法利益。本案對於歐盟糖體系的改革、WTO 杜哈發展議程談判以及開發中國家利益的影響,皆具有關聯性,值得重視。
The European Union (EU) established a Common Organization for sugar in 1968, and accordingly applied subsidies to sugar under the price support system. However, the EU has been providing export subsidies in excess of its budgetary outlay and quantity commitment levels specified in the Schedule of 1995, thereby nullifying or impairing benefits expected to accrue to Australia, Brazil and Thailand under the Agreement on Agriculture. This case demonstrates the complexity of subsidies, in particular as more and more WTO members apply domestic subsidies for export purposes through cross-subsidization arrangements, which is one of the outstanding issues of this case. It should also be noted that there is a trend for WTO members to bring agricultural disputes that are related to resolving export subsidies to the WTO dispute settlement system.
在新回合農業談判中,現有糧食援助規範是否會產生商業排擠與間接出口補貼效果引起許多爭論。本文由《過剩處理與諮商義務之原則》出發,探討其與 WTO 談判之關連性,並剖析對我國的影響與因應之道。本文發現未來 WTO 對於糧食援助之要求將轉趨嚴格,我國的「糧食人道援外作業要點」原則上雖符合 WTO 未來新規範之方向,但在規範的陳述與對糧援類型的定義上仍略有差異。為了確保我國糧食援外工作得以持續推展,我國必須在談判中爭取實物糧援於非緊急情況時得以實施,以及糧援需求評估..
During the WTO Doha Round agricultural negotiations, there are many debates about whether the existing food aid rules are responsible for creating commercial displacement and indirect export subsidy effects. This study begins with investigating the relationship between the “Principles of Surplus Disposal and Consultative Obligations” and the WTO negotiations, followed by exploring the implications of new WTO disciplines on Taiwan’s food aid policies. We find that the negotiation is working toward more effect..
本文第一部分藉由現有的文獻回顧國際關係對於權力的探討以及貿易與權力的關係;在介紹歐洲聯盟(European Union,以下簡稱歐盟)貿易政策的基本框架後,接著探討歐盟實際的貿易政策作為,並且討論貿易政策背後的政治意涵;最後由國際關係理論以及上述的貿易政策,討論歐盟貿易政策的權力角色。歐盟由於先天上發展傳統軍武實力的限制,於是採取貿易、知識等非傳統權力手段來推動價值以及創造規範,在全球化的時代下構築其有別於傳統軍事強權的知識權力角色。 ..
The research is divided into three parts. The first part reviews the literatures regarding power and the relations between trade and power in IR studies. Secondly, this article chooses several EU’s trade policies in practice to discuss the political implications behind the trade policy. Finally, the research analyzes the role of power of EU’s trade through IR theories and the practical trade policies discussed above. Because of the inborn constraint on the development of traditional military capability, the EU use..
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