要探究國際關係建構主義理論的學術貢獻與影響,實有必要回歸到其肇 始之初的系絡,即是 Nicholas Onuf 與 Friedrich Kratochwil 的學術生涯發展之 中,由於 Onuf 和 Kratochwil 所受的國際法與國際關係學術訓練,致使他們 致力於以社會理論連結國際關係理論與國際法。國際關係建構主義理論也就 是肇始於他們兩人的此連結當中,進而逐漸擴展成為國際關係重要的理論或 研究途徑。
本文的主旨在比較分析 Onuf 與 Kratochwil 的社會理論(建構主義)在連結國際關係理論與國際法學理論的方式,以理解國際關係建構主義理論的 社會理論意涵,而能探索 Onuf 和 Kratochwil 在國際關係與國際法的連結及貢獻。首先,以 Onuf 訪台的三場演講呈現此連結為其學術的志業;其次,比較 Onuf、Kratochwil 和 Wendt 的理論觀點差異,以顯示 Onuf 和 Kratochwil 兩人的相近與 Wendt 相異;第三,論述兩人在促進建構主義理論發展的貢獻,以說明建構主義理論成為國際關係與國際法重要理論的原因; 第四,比較兩人在國際法理論與國際關係理論之間的差異,藉以說明兩者的建構主義理論化過程並未以批判的方式思考其法律的意涵,而是假定了既有體制的正當性。第五,比較兩人在社會理論的差異,藉以理解兩人的建構主義社會理論內容;第六,比較兩人的建構主義哲學基礎差異,探索兩人運用建構主義理論連結國際法與國際關係差異的關鍵;第七,以整體比較兩人之間的連結差異;第八,就兩人與國際關係與國際法的連結,提出其所受到的批評與影響。
To explore contributions and influences of constructivism, we should trace back to the career developments of Nicholas Onuf and Friedrich Kratochwil. Due to their trainings of International Law ( IL ) and International Relations(IR), they have focused on linking IR and IL with constructivism as a social theory. Constructivism originated from this linkage and had become an important theory or approach in IR.
This article comparatively explores the way of linking IR and IL with social theory(constructivism)in Onuf’s and Kratochwil’s works, in order to understand the implications of constructivism and its contributions to IR and IL. First, we present Onuf’s three speeches when he visited Taiwan in 2012 that portray his academic vocation. Second, we analyze different perspectives amongst Onuf, Kratochwil and Wendt to show a similarity between Onuf and Kratochwil, and dissimilarity from Wendt. Third, we discuss their contributions in advancing constructivism and explain reasons for constructivism being a major theory in IR and IL. Fourth, we compare the differences between Onuf and Kratochwil in IL and IR and show that their theorizations of constructivism has been achieved by assumptions of legitimacy of the establishments and not through critical thinking of international laws. Fifth, we compare their differences in constructivism as a social theory in order to understand their perspectives. Sixth, we compare their differences in the philosophical foundations of constructivism and explore their different ways of linking IL and IR. Seventh, we compare their total linkages for integral understanding. Finally, we present critiques from IL and IR and discuss their influences on IL and IR.
自 90 年代中期以來,學界對於恐怖主義的研究正日益深化,反恐措施也推陳出新。不過,恐怖主義攻擊卻未因此減少,反而從過去盛行的中東地區和發展中國家蔓延到威權的前蘇聯各國以及已開發國家。參與者也從過去的反殖民建國訴求者,擴大為宗教和其他激進運動的獻身者;手段上更普遍地採取自殺攻擊,而不在乎組織形象聲名狼藉和人員的損失。似乎強大的國家,其安全與反擊措施越嚴厲,越激發攻擊者的鬥志。這種「越挫越奮」的異常現象,對傳統的國關理論構成了不小的挑戰。 ..
National security is traditionally comprehended in terms of the rationalist approach, of which the physical boundaries and the static “Self” of nation states are taken for granted. The concept of “security dilemma” is accordingly understood as the conflicting tendency between nations in the process of defense build-up. However, this article argues that another type of “security dilemma” should not be ignored: the more the units increase its physical capabilities, the less secure they are, d..
Alexander Wendt 運用量子意識理論作為其建構主義的知識論主張,嘗試證明科學實在論的觀點,也就是可以能科學地研究與證明理念與意識在形成集體認同及行動的作用。Wendt 的量子意識理論肇因於建構主義內部的知識論爭論,他科學實在論的知識論立場引發了不同的批評,遂而提出量子意識理論作為回應,企圖告訴讀者不同的思考世界方式。 本文將聚焦於 Wendt 所提出的量子意識理論(假設)對於建構主義理論 (甚至整個國際關係理論)的意涵,以及..
Alexander Wendt tries to use quantum consciousness theory or hypothesis (QCT) as an epistemological position for his constructivism to defend the scientific realism that it can scientifically research and prove the effects of ideas and consciousness on collective identity formation. Wendt’s QCT resulted from the epistemological debates within constructivism, his scientific realism has generated various critics, he initiated QCT to response these critiques and tried to tell readers how to think the world differently. ..
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