混合式選制融合了多數決與比例代表兩種選制的精神,不過關於此種選制兩票架構對投票的影響,有兩種截然不同的主張:一是認為兩票各自獨立運作,其影響可以獨立估算;另一派則主張兩票抉擇會相互影響,亦即具有所謂連動效果(interaction effects,或稱感染效果 contamination effects)的存在,因此必須綜合考量兩票架構的互動關係。而在日本施行的混合選制,又因允許候選人在兩種選票間重複提名,更使得其兩票間的連動關係益形複雜。 ..
The Mixed Electoral System combines the spirits of plurality and proportional representation. The way two-ballot structure influencing the voting behavior however is not settled. Of the two distinctive schools, one believed that two ballots work separately and therefore, their influences should be estimated independently. The other group advocated the existence of contamination effects (or interaction effects), and believed that it is necessary to consider the interaction between two ballots. As for the Mixed- Member Majorita..
隨著國際社會議題的多樣與複雜,解決各種國際議題不再單靠各國政府,加上民間團體的行為者崛起,政府如何與其互動與合作,共同解決受援國長期發展的結構性問題,則顯得越來越重要。理論上,NGO與政府之間若能有清楚分工及相互接受其角色,應可以建立一種相互增強的關係。但實際觀察卻發現,由於NGO的理想性高,加上若經費自主,就容易與政府保持距離並保持警戒,故雙方在國際援助議題上未必形成協力關係,甚至可能產生對立。 研究發現,以日本為例,影響該國NGO與政府協..
With the diversity and complexity of international issues, resolving international issues no longer rely on individual government entity. As civil society raises, how government cooperates with the civil society to resolve long-term constructive international problems has become more and more important. Theoretically, should non-governmental organizations (NGO) and the government have clear work scope and accept their roles, a mutual enhanced relationship can be built. However, NGOs are ideal in reality. And with self-sustained budget, NGOs..
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