人類安全的概念首次出現在聯合國開發計畫署(United Nations Development Programme, UNDP)於 1994 年出版的人類發展報告之中,自此 之後,人類安全與人類發展等概念廣為各國採用與學界討論。其中位於東南亞的泰國,於 1997 年遭受亞洲金融風暴的襲擊後,在泰皇蒲美蓬 (Bhumibol Adulyadej)的倡導之下,積極推動強調「以人民為主」(people- centered)的人類安全概念。雖然泰國在許多方面表現出對於人類安全的重視,但泰國從 2005 年開始出現「紅黃之爭」的政治動盪,對於民眾的日常生活與性命財產造成嚴重威脅。軍方更是於 2006 年與 2014 年兩度發動政變,接管行政與立法部門,並發布全國戒嚴令,人民的言論與集會結社自由被壓抑。司法部門也不斷介入政爭,數次做出對塔克辛(Thaksin Shinawatra)陣營不利的判決,發動「司法政變」(judicial coup)。這十餘年來的紅黃之爭、軍方介入政治與司法雙重標準都讓泰國陷入政治安全的困境之中。本文主要針對泰國這幾年來的政治安全困境進行分析,認為泰國從 1960 年開始推動以曼谷為核心(Bangkok-based)的國家經濟發展計畫,忽略曼谷以外地區的經濟發展需求,進而導致人類安全重要測量指標出現明顯的區域落差,長期以來形成曼谷中產階級與北部、東北部中下階級的對立,是造成泰國這幾年政治安全困境的主要原因。
The concept of human security first appeared in the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) 1994 Human Development Report. According to the report, the scope of human security should be broadened to include seven issues: economic security, food security, health security, environment security, personal security, community security and political security. Since then, concepts of human security and human development are widely adopted and implemented by states and commonly discussed in the academic world. Thailand actively promotes the idea of human security and people-centered security concept since the 1997 Asian financial crisis. However, the political conflict between the red-shirt and the yellow-shirt in the past decade caused dilemmas of political security. This research paper aims to explore the current status of political insecurity in Thailand since the second half of 2005. We argue that Thailand was divided into the urban middle class in Bangkok and central Thailand and the rural poor from the North and Northeast of Thailand due to uneven regional economic development policies. The government adopted the five-year National Economic and Social Development Plan ( NESDP ) since 1961, which centered Bangkok in national economic development. The Bangkok-based development policy was the main factor of the division that resulted in the decade-long political turmoil, and consequently caused political insecurity in Thailand.
人類安全概念提出以來至今已逾十年,始終沒有獲得安全研究領域的重視。冷戰結束後,雖有非傳統安全在研究上對傳統安全侷限於軍事問題的缺漏進行修補,但依舊忽略「個人」對於安全研究的價值。本文認為,目前既有的安全研究已不能迎合全球化時代國際關係的發展趨勢,而把「個人」排除在安全研究的討論之外或是予以邊緣化,則為一種理解上的疏失。實際上,無論傳統安全所強調的軍事領域,或是非傳統安全所關注的貧窮、發展、疾病等問題,其核心與基礎的安全價值均構築在每一個「個人」身上, 這歸因..
Even though the concept of Human Security first emerged more than a decade ago, it never gained much attention in the field of security study. In the post-Cold War era, non-traditional security study somehow rectified the defect of traditional security study that focused simply on military affairs, and was not comprehensive enough to understand the crucial role ‘People’ played in security study. From authors’ view, the present comprehension of security study can no longer catch up with the mainstream develop..
阿拉伯之春是於 2010 年年底,由突尼西亞開始發生一連串位於包括中東與北非地區的國內政治動盪事件。多數人認為,這與當地的威權政治,以及經濟發展遲緩有高度相關,因此,本文首先探討中東北非地區內戰可能的發生原因,包括經常被提及的政治與經濟因素,另外再輔以中東北非地區特殊的區域環境解釋,包括了此區特有的豐富天然資源,以及造成此次阿拉伯革命的連鎖反應。作者發現,經濟發展非常顯著地影響著內部衝突發生的機率,包括良好的發展以及開放的貿易政策,而民主與衝突則顯示「倒 U..
Since the Arab Spring occurred in the end of 2010, Middle East and North Africa(MENA)regions have drawn attentions from international society because of turbulent domestic events. Some nations in this area have leaders who stay in office for a very long time(e.g. Libya and Egypt), and some nations suffer from slow economic development(e.g. Algeria). Therefore, this study tries to review the previous studies on the civil war, focusing on political and economic determinants, to examine if political institution and economic deve..
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