權力與國家利益是國際政治研究的主要探討因素,也是國際關係學界戰後研究的起點,本文認為「權力」決定「國家利益」,進而限制「國家行為」的觀點 ,在國際人權規範下未必依舊是當代國際政治與國家行為的鐵律。從冷戰後國際社會的維持和平行動來看,有相當程度國家武力干預並非出於國家利益的動機,亦非與地緣戰略有關,而只是為了去維持國際社會的價值,一種強調人權價值、避免種族淨化的發生。這種國際社會的價值 (人性尊嚴、法治、民主) ,某種程度存有所謂規範制約權力的成分,強調權力的使用來自合法性,而這規範的形塑來自理念的建構。
對一些國家而言,在乎的可能不是體系結構,也不是權力平衡,抑或物質宰制一切,而是如何維持國際社會的價值,並運用理念來操作規範,進而達成對其國家真正的利益。爰本文將重新檢視國際社會中規範、理念與權力的作用,並以《國家保護責任》的倡議為例,從其內涵與法源基礎論證後冷戰迄今,國際社會並非完全制約在現實主義權力操作下的國際結構因素,而是受制於國際社 會中一種價值的規範因素。
Power and national interest constitute an important research topic in the study of international politics, and can be seen as the starting point for the study of international relations in the post-war period. A number of scholars have asserted that “power” determines “national interest." Such a view, however, can result in an excessively restricted understanding of “national behavior," since the relationship between contemporary international politics and national behavior is not necessarily an ironclad one. This has been borne out by a number of international efforts to maintain peace in the post-Cold War era. Rather than being driven by national interests or regional strategic concerns, a number of military interventions have been carried out in order to prevent ethnic cleansing, safeguard human rights, and uphold certain other values of the international society. Such international values are based on respect for human dignity, the rule of law, and the ideal of democracy. These values are based on norms restricting the use of power and emphasize that the effective use of power is based on legitimacy. In this paper, the author explores some of the ideas from which these norms are derived.
Most states focus their attention on such areas as government structures, material standards of living, and the balance of power. Some states, however, are more concerned with upholding the values of the international community, applying certain principles to the formulation of international norms, and promoting the common good throughout the world. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is exploring a brief discussion of the relevance of norm, idea, and power, analyzing the legal basis of “the Responsibility to Protect" and how the international human rights approach to international norms is currently being implemented and practiced by the international society.
本文目的在於透過回顧以維和行動為客體的研究,呈現相關研究在國際組織研究及新自由主義架構下的貢獻與不足之處。第一,代理難題仍是相關研究最常用以檢視這類議題的架構,源於分工不明與利益衝突的代理難題是最常出現的現象,同時也是這類研究偏好的議題。第二,資訊失衡造成的代理難題雖可能對維和行動的效力產生最大的負面影響,但卻較少被研究。第三,相關研究與實踐侵蝕了典則理論的主張如下:其一,非民主國家在重複賽局的架構下並未改變其對維和行動的觀點,這樣的現象挑戰了典則理論對聲譽..
By reviewing the studies about peacekeeping operations, this essay focuses on the contributions and contradictions of those studies and the neo- liberalism arguments about international organization studies. Firstly, the principal-agent problems (PA problems) are not only the most common phenomena in the practice of the peacekeeping operations but also are the wide-adapted framework in those studies, particularly on those PA problems that originated from the vague division of labor and from the severe conflict of interests. S..
探究國際規範擴散,是解析國際社會規範塑造國家偏好、利益與行為,以及探索國際社會共享知識文化構成的重要課題。現有國際規範擴散的研究成果,多以人權作為研究案例,偏重國際組織、非政府組織與知識社群的作用,但是亦遭遇線性思考的批評,難以解釋國家為何不遵從的盲點。 檢視臺灣轉換 IAEA 用過核燃料暨放射性廢物管理安全聯合公約的歷程,可以發現國際組織與非政府組織的作用十分薄弱,而享有專業科學知識的政府組織,僅看重科學技術在核安全事務扮演的有限角色..
International norms diffusion is an important issue by which we explore how the international social norms have shaped national preferences, interests, and behaviors, as well as the constitution of shared knowledge in the international community. Taking largely from human rights case studies, existing findings on international norms diffusion have mainly suffered from linear thinking and difficulties in explaining noncompliance of international norms. Analyzing the transfer of the Joint Convention on the Safety of ..
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