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「國際關係理論終結」爭論與實踐轉向述評
A Commentary on the Debates of International Relations Theory’s End and Practice Turn Practices
莫大華(Ta-Hua Mo)
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65卷3期(2026/09/08)
國際關係理論研究歷經各次大辯論、典範戰爭或典範之間戰爭之後，
學者主張各理論對話與綜合的多元主義，藉以超越各典範與各理論之間的
派別，顯示出國關理論研究的多樣性及綜合性。但國關理論多元主義之
後，不再重視理論檢證而忽視理論建構與發展，引起學者思考與爭論「國
際關係理論終結」與「國際關係研究終結」議題，大理論或普遍理論已不
再是學科知識的核心。
不贊同終結的學者，紛紛提出批評及反駁，主張國關理論未死也沒滅
絕，只是因為學者誤解了理論本質，忽視不同類型的理論化，忽略建立理
論與理論化，遂造成錯誤地說明理論關鍵概念的經驗研究模式，或令人誤
解的測量方法，以及學界與實務界的隔閡，以致無法提出有用的政策建
議。爭論普遍理論是否存在，或是否曾經存在，或是否未曾存在過，皆涉
及國關科學性質的爭論，只要學者對於「科學」沒有定論，這些議題也就
沒有、也不會有定論。
有些學者則意圖避免國際關係是否終結或存在普遍理論的爭論，以發
展務實的知識為目的，倡導「實踐轉向」，引用「實踐理論」進入國關研究而成為「國際實踐理論」。
國際實踐理論並非提供普遍理論或大理論，
而是要展現國際關係研究的理論與實踐多元面向，例如「後人類國際關係
研究」、「全球南方國際關係研究」與「多元宇宙國際關係研究」。
本文認為「多元宇宙國際關係研究」提升後設理論爭論至宇宙論層
次，強調國際關係是不同宇宙之間的關係，提出不同宇宙論選案探索與理
解世界，並尋求其中的共同理解，但它並非是普遍理論或一元宇宙論，協
助國際政治的知識實踐，顯示出國關研究各理論與其實踐的共存多元性。
After the “Great Debates”, “Paradigm Wars” or “Inter-Paradigm Wars”,
scholars have suggested the pluralism of dialogues and syntheses among
theories to present the diversities and syntheses of International Relations (IR)
or International Relations Theory (IRT). Since the pluralism of IRT, theorytesting
research has been no longer significant and lack of theory-building and
development. Therefore, scholars tried to rethink and debate “The End of IRT”
and “The End of International Relations” issues, “Grand Theory” or “General
Theory” was no longer the hard core of the quest for knowledge.
Those who doesn’t agree “The End of IR” magnified the critiques
and refutations, they argued the IRT was not dead or extinct. It just
was misunderstood the very essence of theory, and ignored the types of
theorizations, so it caused empirical research models with the errors of key
concepts, the measure methods with misunderstanding, and the gaps between
academic and practice communities without useful policy advices. In the
debates between theory-oriented scholars and practice-oriented scholars, brings
the debates of general theory, and the debates on “The Nature of Science” in
IR. It is a choice of ontological commitment, not the ontological struggles.
The debates still have no conclusion as long as there is no common ground of
“science”.
Some scholars tried to avoid the debates and to advocate the “practice
turn”, its aim to develop the practical knowledge of international relations.
To induce the “practice theory” into IR for the International Practice Theory
(IPT), IPT is not to provide general theory, grand theory or totally socialize
the ontology of everything, but to present the various dimensions or diversities
of theories and practices in IR, such as “Posthuman International Relations”,
“Global South International Relations”, and “Pluriversal International
Relations”.
This paper suggests that Pultiversal International Relations elevates
the theoretical debate to cosmological level, emphasizes that international
relations are the relationship among different cosmological views, proposes
different cosmological alternatives to explore and understand a multitude of
worlds: a “many-worlds-world” or a pluriverse, and seeks a common shared
understanding among them, but it is not an universal (a general) theory or a
monistic cosmology, to assist the knowledge practice of International Relations.

 

國際關係理論化 實踐轉向 國際實踐 國際實踐理論 多元宇宙國 際關係研究 International Relations Theorization Practice Turn International Practice International Practice Theory Pluriversal International Relations

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