本文透過日本中國學東京學派始祖白鳥庫吉所創東洋史學，討論中國研究科學化的意義。白鳥力主以科學方法研究中國，進而掌握普遍法則，超越歐洲學界只能從西洋看中國的侷限。不過，白鳥的問題意識與他所反對的漢學傳統之間，仍未見各種聯繫，他的身世與師承出自漢學傳統，因此不能擺脫漢學議程上朱子學與反朱子學的互動脈絡; 白鳥也分享了同時代中國學者躍躍欲試想與西方競爭的氣氛，所研究的對象更是帝國活動的舞台所在，因此與國學派所思所辯輝映。無論問題意識的來源或從事知識活動的動機，科學與漢學都不是對立的。 ..

Shiratori Kurakichi's initiative to establish “Oriental historiography” was the first attempt to apply social science methods to China studies in Japan. He believed that Japan was in a better prepared posittion than its Western counterpart in their common pursuit of universal laws of behavior. This is because Japan understood both the West and China while the West was restricted by its own historical experiences when approaching China.  This paper connects Shiratori's scholarship to classic Sinology in late medi..

自華盛頓共識以降，拉美國家落實新自由主義政策與結構調整，卻無力解決根深蒂固的貧窮與社會不均問題。進入後華盛頓共識時代，懸而未解的發展難題催促拉美國家繼續尋求替代發展的道路，並促成二十一世紀前十八年南美洲興起一波反新自由主義的左派政權，又稱「粉紅色浪潮」。這波趨勢的共同性在於:都試圖解決獨尊市場經濟遺留的社會不公與貧窮問題，並尋求一個兼顧經濟成長與更合理社會分配的替代發展方案。 事實上，拉美替代發展方案經常是「價值理性」取向的，政治領袖又深..

In the post-Washington Consensus era, the pending social inequality and poverty have pushed South American New Left governments to seek “alternative developments” in the dawn of the 21st century, which is the so-called “Pink tide.” These governments’ motive is to seek an alternative development plan to address the social injustice and poverty left by market economy under the neoliberal model. In fact, the common feature of this alternative development trend is characterized by a strong..