國際關係理論多集中於討論無政府狀態(anarchy)假設延伸下的國家互動,對國際體系中的層級(hierarchy)現象,並沒有多所注意。尤其新現實 主義的研究典範,忽略國際體系發生層級結構的可能性,更輕視討論層級結構的價值。
層級結構是國家在國際體系內追求發展與生存的過程中,所衍生出的一種權力分配暨權威(authority)規範的建構結果。霸權穩定論(Hegemony Stability Theory)與權力轉移論(Power Transition Theory),從權力分配角度對國際層級作出初步的探索。新自由制度主義則討論霸權運用國際制度取得正當性統治的形式,不過沒有觸及權威對霸權統治的影響。
層級結構不單單是相對國家間掌握權力資源高低所形成的等級,更代表了強權國家對弱勢國家所擁有的權力作用。此種權力的支配作用,會因為彼此關係的制度化,而具備權威的正當性,進而降低了霸權統治從屬國的成本,更舒緩了權力資源分配變化對霸權更迭的作用。國際體系中的層級結構,具有行為者權力資源分配不對稱、國際權威地位差別化、行使國際權利不對等及決定國際規範議程能力失衡等特徵。
層級並不是單純地物質力量分配的結果,而是國際物質權力分配與國際觀念分配互構下的產物。運用國際體系權力分配與權威規範密度作為評比項目,吾人可以得到國際體系的無層級原始狀態、鼎立附庸、大國協調、兩極鬆散、兩雄扈從、制度兩霸、朝貢體系、單極順服與全球帝國等不同的國際層級類型。在不同的層級結構中,霸權統治方式與統治成效均有所不同。
Neorealism and Neoliberial-institutionalism have paid little attention to the international hierarchy because international hierarchy could not take place in an international anarchic structure.
The international hierarchy is a constructed result coming from the interaction of power distribution and normative authority in the process of which states seek survival and development in the international system. The international hierarchy has four characters: the asymmetry of actor’s power resources, the differentionation of international authority rank, the inequality of state’s exercise of international rights, and the imbalance of international agenda-setting capability. Hegemonic state inclines to decrease her ruling cost and widen her authority in the hierarchical structure in order to obtain a durable position of superiority.
There are hierarchical structures in different kinds of international distribution of material power, such as the original structure without hierarchy, the partron-obediance, the concert, the bipolar of loose compliance, the bipolar of institutional compliance, the tribute system, the unipolar compliance, and the world empire. Thus, in each different hierarchical structure, the ruling cost of the hegemonic domination is different.
2011 年 5 月 2 日美國特種部隊攻擊賓拉登(Osama bin Laden)之住處並且結束長達十年對於頭號國際恐怖分子的追擊,在此之後,各國對於此事件的反應呈現出不同的面貌。本文將以實證方法研究美國與各國的外交關係、各國對賓拉登事件的反應、主要媒體評論之間的互動關連,整理出支持與不支持美國的總表。本研究亦將思考:在採取爭議性的方法達成其國家利益的同時,美國霸權是否可以在未來持盈保泰?本研究所採取的新聞分析方法,是否能夠提供外交政策研究更多的可能性? ..
As the U.S. special forces thundered into Bin Laden’s compound and terminated the decade long chase of the most wanted terrorist on May 2, 2011, the global reaction to this incident presented diverse versions for interpretation. This empirical study answers the questions: can the U.S. identify those who support or oppose its foreign policy by their reactions to the Bin Laden incident? By probing into the governmental archives and major media in selected countries, this research answers two more important questions: has ..
現有國際關係研究對於霸權主導國際制度已有一定之發現,不過對崛起強權參與建構國際制度的行為傾向,則附屬於霸權的相關討論,而未獲得一定之重視。霸權論一般認為,崛起強權在未發生霸權戰爭前,只能被迫遵循霸權主導 下的國際制度,唯有在崛起強權取得霸權地位之後,方能展示是創建國際制度的領導能力。霸權論由相對物質權力層面探索的崛起強權描述,僅能凸顯霸權戰爭的爆發,未必能勾勒出崛起強權的全面行為,亦未能解釋霸權繼承者的條件。 發生霸權更迭之前,並非沒有發生崛起強權參與建構國際制度的案例,例如德意..
The exploration of the rising power has been subordinated to the arguments of hegemony and revisionist states. The Hegemonic Stability Theory and Power Transfer Theory have argued that the rising power has to follow international instructions set according to the hegemonic interests before the break out of hegemony war through which the rising power revolts the status quo hegemon. This approach might describe the reasons of hegemonic war; however, it might not be able to explain the overall behavior patterns of rising power in the construct..
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