國際關係理論多集中於討論無政府狀態(anarchy)假設延伸下的國家互動,對國際體系中的層級(hierarchy)現象,並沒有多所注意。尤其新現實 主義的研究典範,忽略國際體系發生層級結構的可能性,更輕視討論層級結構的價值。
層級結構是國家在國際體系內追求發展與生存的過程中,所衍生出的一種權力分配暨權威(authority)規範的建構結果。霸權穩定論(Hegemony Stability Theory)與權力轉移論(Power Transition Theory),從權力分配角度對國際層級作出初步的探索。新自由制度主義則討論霸權運用國際制度取得正當性統治的形式,不過沒有觸及權威對霸權統治的影響。
層級結構不單單是相對國家間掌握權力資源高低所形成的等級,更代表了強權國家對弱勢國家所擁有的權力作用。此種權力的支配作用,會因為彼此關係的制度化,而具備權威的正當性,進而降低了霸權統治從屬國的成本,更舒緩了權力資源分配變化對霸權更迭的作用。國際體系中的層級結構,具有行為者權力資源分配不對稱、國際權威地位差別化、行使國際權利不對等及決定國際規範議程能力失衡等特徵。
層級並不是單純地物質力量分配的結果,而是國際物質權力分配與國際觀念分配互構下的產物。運用國際體系權力分配與權威規範密度作為評比項目,吾人可以得到國際體系的無層級原始狀態、鼎立附庸、大國協調、兩極鬆散、兩雄扈從、制度兩霸、朝貢體系、單極順服與全球帝國等不同的國際層級類型。在不同的層級結構中,霸權統治方式與統治成效均有所不同。
Neorealism and Neoliberial-institutionalism have paid little attention to the international hierarchy because international hierarchy could not take place in an international anarchic structure.
The international hierarchy is a constructed result coming from the interaction of power distribution and normative authority in the process of which states seek survival and development in the international system. The international hierarchy has four characters: the asymmetry of actor’s power resources, the differentionation of international authority rank, the inequality of state’s exercise of international rights, and the imbalance of international agenda-setting capability. Hegemonic state inclines to decrease her ruling cost and widen her authority in the hierarchical structure in order to obtain a durable position of superiority.
There are hierarchical structures in different kinds of international distribution of material power, such as the original structure without hierarchy, the partron-obediance, the concert, the bipolar of loose compliance, the bipolar of institutional compliance, the tribute system, the unipolar compliance, and the world empire. Thus, in each different hierarchical structure, the ruling cost of the hegemonic domination is different.
本文檢視在後冷戰時代石油美元機制對美國霸權之影響,並關注美國領導地位在 1991 年波灣、2003 年伊拉克與 2011 年利比亞等戰爭中的角色。在處理國際事務中,美國霸權逐漸採行單邊行動,因而產生合法性危機之質疑。因此自 1990 年以來,美國便宣稱願意承擔昂貴之經濟成本與犧牲其國家之利益,以便與他國建立聯盟共同對抗流氓國家之威脅。美國能以維繫穩定之國際經濟秩序,與贏得反恐作戰之合法性名義發動先制戰爭。為了理解這一看似非理性之行為,根基於 Pierre B..
This paper explores the impact of petrodollar mechanism on the hegemony of the United States in the post-Cold War era. It particularly focuses on the two wars against Iraq respectively in 1991 and in 2003 and the Libyan war in 2011, all under the leadership of the U.S. The U.S. hegemony has been experiencing a legitimacy crisis caused by its increasing tendency towards unilateral actions in international affairs. In order to form alliances among Western nations to confront the rogue states, the U.S. government has demonstrate..
2011 年 5 月 2 日美國特種部隊攻擊賓拉登(Osama bin Laden)之住處並且結束長達十年對於頭號國際恐怖分子的追擊,在此之後,各國對於此事件的反應呈現出不同的面貌。本文將以實證方法研究美國與各國的外交關係、各國對賓拉登事件的反應、主要媒體評論之間的互動關連,整理出支持與不支持美國的總表。本研究亦將思考:在採取爭議性的方法達成其國家利益的同時,美國霸權是否可以在未來持盈保泰?本研究所採取的新聞分析方法,是否能夠提供外交政策研究更多的可能性? ..
As the U.S. special forces thundered into Bin Laden’s compound and terminated the decade long chase of the most wanted terrorist on May 2, 2011, the global reaction to this incident presented diverse versions for interpretation. This empirical study answers the questions: can the U.S. identify those who support or oppose its foreign policy by their reactions to the Bin Laden incident? By probing into the governmental archives and major media in selected countries, this research answers two more important questions: has ..
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