世界貿易組織的成立以及自由貿易協定(Free Trade Agreement)的締結,促成了全球貿易的自由化以及國際產業供應鏈的重整。然而,伴隨國際貿易自由化而產生的國際財富分配不均,以及發展中國家未能因貿易自由化獲益的問題,亦導致發展中國家和已開發國家之齟齬日漸加深。開發中國家因此擔憂國際貿易的自由化不但無法幫助其實現脫貧的目標,更可能如國際政治經濟學依賴理論(dependency theory)所描述,導致發展中國家成為已開發國家經濟成長的墊腳石。
本文主張,自2000年後興起的第三波區域整合(Third Regionalism) 中,大量締結的自由貿易協定,撼動了過往以世界貿易組織為中心的國際貿易架構。發展中國家在此階段大量締結的自由貿易協定,修正了過往區域整合由已開發國家主導態樣,並讓發展中國家在區域整合甚或是巨型貿易協定的談判中,擁有更大的影響力。本文透過對東南亞國協在東協經濟體2025藍圖下對服務業貿易整合策略之分析,說明發展中國家在第三波區域整合中發展出的新區域主義,並解釋東南亞國協如何透過多元且富有彈性的整合模式,漸進式的讓發展中國家擴大其貿易開放承諾,在深化區域經貿整合的同時,降低貿易自由化對國內政治、經濟及社會之衝擊,兼顧開發中國家透過貿易促進發展之需求以及期待。
The World Trade Organization and proliferating free trade agreements (FTAs) have contributed to the liberalization of global trade and the shift of the international supply chain. Nevertheless, trade liberalization has also led to the conflict between developing nations and developed nations and has increased the former’s concerns about the negative impact of trade on development. Premised on the dependency theory, developing nations contend that increasing free trade could worsen their dependency on the developed market and undermine their economic growth.
This article argues that in the Third Regionalism, also known as the latest wave of regional integration, the nature of contemporary FTAs has been fundamentally altered. Distinct from the conventional FTAs dominated by developed countries, developing countries now play a critical role in shaping mega-regional trade agreements. To substantiate this argument, this article analyzes the evolution of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) under the ASEAN Economic Blueprint 2025 as a case study. With a focus on the liberalization of intra-regional trade in services, thise article explains ASEAN’s incremental and flexible integration model and its approach to forging the trade-development nexus for developing nations.
隨著近年「印太」成為國際關係與外交研究的重要詞彙,歐盟於2021年4月首次提出「印太戰略」,並特別強調與東協在印太區域合作的重要性。事實上,歐盟自2010年代以來受到全球經濟重心東移、亞洲地緣政治競爭激烈等結構性因素影響,已加速與東協的「第三波區域間主義(Third Interregionalism)」發展;除與東協國家洽簽經濟協定,並於2020年底將原有與東協的對話夥伴關係升級為戰略夥伴關係。本文主張歐盟透過與東協國家洽簽經濟協定以增強其「印太戰略」的效力,而雙邊升級的關係不但強化東協..
Indo-Pacific strategies have become salient in international relations and diplomatic studies. In April 2021, the European Union (EU) for the first time declared its own Indo-Pacific strategy and emphasized the importance of cooperation with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In fact, global systemic factors such as the shift of economic power to Asia and the intense geopolitical rivalry in the region have galvanized the evolution of the Third Interregionalism between the EU and ASEAN. Other than economic agreements, both b..
本文分析美國貿易授權法時期(2002~2007年)FTA的簽訂策略。影響 美國簽訂FTA策略的因素大致可分為外在因素與國內因素兩類。外在因素包括了九一一恐怖攻擊事件、中國崛起、東亞經濟整合、歐盟東擴、WTO 談判受挫、FTA盛行,以及歐盟與中國在拉美的勢力逐漸擴張等因素。國內因素則是由於貿易授權法的通過,國會進一步賦予行政部門對外談判的權力與快速立法程序,使美國從過去強調多邊主義的政策,轉變為多邊主義與雙邊主義並行。美國採取競爭自由化的貿易政策,使用自由貿易..
This article analyzes the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) strategy adopted by the United States during the valid period of the Trade Promotion Authority Act (2002~2007). Because of the external factors, such as 911 terrorist attacks, rise of China, the economic integration of East Asia, EU’s expansion, the frustration of WTO negotiations, the fashion of FTA, the EU and China’s expanding influence toward Latin America, and other domestic factors such as the power of negotiation and the fast track procedure offered by th..
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