氣候變遷與能源安全揭示了新一波能源轉型的重要性。在此背景下, 城市作為全球經濟體系的生產、技術與能源消費的中心,其重要性持續提 升。面對氣候與能源轉型議題,城市在何種程度上可以發展出有別於更高 層級(國家、全球)的治理策略,成為學界與政策實務關切的重要課題。
本文以德國弗萊堡市推動能源轉型經驗為例,聚焦於以下討論:城市 或地方層級如何實踐能源轉型歷程?當中發展出哪些地方性的治理活動? 以下本文將先回顧能源轉型與氣候治理相關文獻,以及近年對於能源民主 概念的討論,來梳理出城市能源治理的重要面向。其次,本文在介紹德國 能源轉型的背景概況後,將以弗萊堡市為例,檢視城市於能源轉型歷程中 的治理策略。接著,本文將回顧弗萊堡市能源治理經驗,凸顯城市具體回 應能源轉型趨勢,與透過地方能源自主帶動治理模式創新的重要性。
研究發現,弗萊堡市透過兩種途徑來推動城市能源轉型。一方面,市 政府作為管制者與規劃者、供給者與促進者,透過結合多種治理模式,在 引導城市能源轉型歷程上扮演重要角色;另方面,公民與能源合作社自主治理,投資地方再生能源計畫,凸顯出轉型歷程中的公眾參與,也是城市
能源轉型的重要力量。
Climate change and energy security highlight the significance of energy transition. As an important node of production, technology and energy consumption in the world, cities play an important role in the economic and social transformation towards sustainable energy. It has been widely acknowledged as one of the major issues that cities and local governments explore governing strategies different from the higher governance level (national, global)to achieve the energy transition.
This paper attempts to answer the following questions: How do the city and local levels implement the energy transition process? What are the major governing strategies during the implementation process in Freiburg, one of the green cities in Germany? Apart from reviewing the development of energy transition and local government system in Germany, this paper discusses the models and strategies of existing urban energy governance and self-governance of citizen energy in Freiburg.
The study finds that Freiburg introduces two approaches for urban energy transition. The municipality plays an essential role as regulator and planner, provider, facilitator, and combines different modes of governing to foster urban energy transition. In addition, the self-governance of citizens, energy cooperatives, and the investment at local- or community-based renewables highlight the public participation and their contribution to the transition process.
能源憲章條約於1998年生效,目前有54個簽署方,大部分位於歐洲與中亞地區。其目的為保障外國投資人免受地主國不當之管制或政治干預,包括訴諸投資人與地主國爭端解決機制之途徑。2018年啟動該條約之現代化談判,歷經約五年談判後,2022年6月24日能源憲章大會通過原則性協議,完成ECT之修正內容。雖然談判結果未將化石燃料投資排除於保障範圍之外,不過該條約現代化所帶來之實質性改變仍有所進展。儘管如此,部分歐盟會員國宣布退出能源憲章條約,歐盟執委會亦隨之展開協調歐盟及其會員國退出該條約。根據該條..
The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) came into force in 1998 and is currently signed by 54 countries, mostly in Europe and Central Asia. Its purpose is to protect foreign investments from regulatory or political interferences of host State, including through investor-State dispute settlement mechanism (ISDS). A negotiation to modernize the agreement was launched in 2018. On 24 June 2022, after five years of negotiations, the Energy Charter Conference Member States reached an Agreement in Principle regarding revisions to the ECT. Despite a crushin..
本文起源於兩大研究問題:誰在治理中國的糧食安全?中國糧食安全嗎?因此使用聯合國糧食安全定義分析中國大陸糧食安全治理機制與治理狀況,主要發現有兩點:第一是糧食議題的安全化進展。聯合國雖然從 1970 年代中葉就開始進行糧食議題的安全化,並且逐步在 1970 年代將糧食充足性,1980 年代將糧食可取得性,1990 年代將食物使用性等項目列入糧食安全的指標中,但是氣候變遷卻在 21 世紀初期成為威脅糧食安全的新變數,使得糧食供需及取得的穩定性在近期成為糧食安全的..
This paper arises from an attempt to answer the two following questions: (1)Who is responsible for China’s food security governance?(2)Is China’s food security status secured? Definition of food security constructed by the United Nations(UN)was applied to analyze China’s food security governance and status, with two important findings. First, regarding securitization of the food issues, while the UN has gradually taken food availability(since the 1970s), accessibility(since the 1980s), and utilization and sa..
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