歐洲統合的進程在經濟、文化與推動西方普世價值方面已使得歐洲聯盟成為一個全球「公民強權」的角色,但是是否藉此轉化成為一個「軍事強權」,仍然是歐盟各會員國爭論的焦點。從馬斯垂克條約將「共同外交與安全政策」納入歐盟決策的三大支柱之一後,歐盟在外交與安全政策的合作才開始具備法律的基礎。但是一九九0年代發生於歐洲本身的區域衝突,凸顯歐盟在解決歐洲本身軍事爭端時的無力感。在一九九0年代末期發展出的「歐洲安全與防衛政策」即著眼於歐盟自主軍事力量的整合與強化,以期因應未來可能發生的區域與國際衝突。
本文的主要目的在探討「歐洲安全與防衛政策」在一九九九年正式成立至今,在軍事面向的發展過程,是否強化歐盟的「軍事強權」的角色,以及經由防衛與軍事政策的合作,對於歐盟全球角色的影響為何。本文將首先探討「歐洲安全與防衛政策」的發展過程以及促成此政策成形的關鍵性因素; 之後將討論歐盟軍事層面提升的數項重要面向,以檢驗歐盟未來面對國際衝突所具備反應能力的利基; 同時本文也將探討歐盟在「歐洲安全與防衛政策」發展的可能變數; 最後,本文將總結歐盟在軍事面向的強化對於歐盟「軍事強權」角色定位與全球戰略地位的影響。
The process of the European integration in economic, cultural and universalising Western values in the past half century has reinforced EU's role as a global “civilian power”. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty founded a “Common Foreign and Security Policy ”, as one of the three pillars of EU, providing c0operation of foreign and security policies among member states with a legal basis. Nevertheless, regional conflicts in Europe of hte 90s only demonstrated that EU was not yet capable of solving military conflicts in its “backyard”. Accordingly, the “European Security and Defence Policy” was introduced in the late 90s with an aim for coordinating and fortifying military capabilities of EU member states to cope with future conflicts in its own region and beyond.
This article attempts to explore the impacts that the military cooperations have had on EU's global role by focusing on the military dimension of the ESDP. Starting by discussing the development of the ESDP and some defining factors in shaping the policy, this article examines several elements that have determined the enhanced military cooperations. Moreover, the possible opportunities and challenges of EU's military capabilities are proposed. The article finally concludes with the emphasis on the prospects of a “military power” role EU plays, together with EU's strategic position on the global level.
WTO爭端解決機制一向被譽為皇冠上之珍珠,如今上訴機構陷入停擺危機,反而成為皇冠上之荊棘。過去數年來,美國運用WTO所要求之共識,屢次反對上訴機構成員之選任案,尤其是川普政府上台後更加強杯葛之力道。根據爭端解決規則暨程序瞭解書之規定,上訴案件最少由三名成員審理並作成裁決。然而2019年12月10日之後,上訴機構已無法正常運作。長期以來美國對上訴機構提出許多批評,包括系統性、實質性與程序性問題;反之,許多WTO會員則急於補實懸缺,而疏於處理美國關切之事項。根據爭端解決規則暨程序瞭解書第3...
The dispute settlement system, often considered as the “crown jewel” of the WTO, is in a present crisis and becomes the crown of thorns. Over the past years, the United States through the use of the WTO’s consensus requirements has successfully blocked the launch of a process to select the Appellate Body members. This is carried forward by the Trump administration. With a Settlement of Disputes Understanding (DSU) requirement that appeals be heard by three AB members, with the AB membership down to zero at the present time..
英國於 2016 年 6 月 23 日舉行全國性公投,脫歐派以 51.9%勝出,再於 2017 年 3 月 29 日啟動《歐洲聯盟條約》第 50 條脫歐程序,意味英國通知後的兩年內脫離歐盟。英國脫歐將對英國與歐盟帶來重大深遠之影響,英歐未來關係很大程度將取決於脫歐談判之結果,包括脫歐條件、過渡機制以及雙邊協定等安排。本文以英國脫歐對歐盟之影響為研究對象,探討英國脫歐對歐盟預算、經貿、歐洲整合及對外關係等方面之潛在影響。本文建議英國與歐盟應從事理性談判,架構出..
A national referendum was held in the UK on 23 June 2016, with the result of a 51.9% vote to exit the EU. On 29 March 2017, the UK triggered the Article 50 procedure which will lead to Brexit in two years. Brexit poses a big challenge for both the UK and the EU. Future UK-EU relationship will mainly be decided by the results of the Brexit negotiations, in terms of its exit arrangements, transitional mechanisms, bilateral agreements, etc. This paper focuses on the impact of Brexit on the EU, particularly on the EU’s budg..
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