本文主要從日本政治經濟結構當中非正式制度的轉變來探討 1990 年之後日本經濟衰退的主要原因。在過去分析日本經濟衰退的原因大多是從國際層次與國內層次兩個面向來分析,在國際層次方面包括自由化的衝擊與日圓的急遽升值;在國內層次方面則包括政府主導模式的失調與規制緩和的調控,而這些面向主要焦點都集中在國際化與自由化的轉變對日本國內政經制度的衝擊,而忽略日本國內制度轉型的重要性。本文認為在過去這些文獻探討大多集中在日本正式制度的調整,而忽視非正式制度的存在與轉變。本文主要論點認為,1990 年之後日本經濟之所以遲遲無法復甦,主要原因便在於:歷經 90 年代選制改革、財政改革、金融改革與行政改革,日本正式制度雖然已經作了大幅改變,而非正式制度卻仍然存在,而在日本這些非正式制度的影響力卻通常是大於正式制度。本文將以日本政經體制當中的行政指導、官員空降等兩項非正式制度的轉變來印證以上的論點。
The goal of this paper is to explore the roots of Japanese economic recession in the 1990s from the transition of informal institutions in Japan. In the past, analysis of the Japanese economic recession in the 1990s was used to the aspect of international dimension and domestic dimension; focuses on the formal institutions such as political reform, fiscal reform, administrational reform, and financial reform, and neglected the changes of informal institutions. The argument of this paper bases on the fact that Japan has reformed formal institutions over the past 15 years, yet with the informal institution still present, suppressing the recovery from the economic recession of the 1990s. This paper will consider two of the informal institutions: the Administrational Guidance and Amakudari, to verify the argument.
選舉制度的設計,不僅攸關各國政黨體制的運作與國家政府體制的鞏固,甚至對政府執政領導人事的更迭、政策制定的變遷,均有深刻的影響。對選民投票行為來說,更會因不同選制結構而展現出不同的決策思維。因此選制的相關規範設計,無疑是形塑先進民主國家政治體制運作的基礎,而選制變革過程中所產生的政治效應,更值得學界深入進行評估與檢驗。 本文根據日本選舉研究(JES)所彙整的定群追蹤調查,針對九零年代日本新舊選制的轉換過程,探析選民對政黨支持偏好的動態過程..
Electoral system is imperative to define the party system in a country. It also helps to consolidate the political regime, to formulate public policies, and to alternate government leaders in the office. From the constituent’s point of view, different electoral rules influence the behaviors and the way of voting as well. It is therefore without question that the electoral system is essential to regulate political systems in any democracy. This paper, based on the panel data collected from the Japanese Electio..
1960 年代末期,海洋地質專家即已預測東海大陸礁層蘊藏著豐富的油氣資源,並且造成了周圍國家的震撼,臺灣、中國與日本競相投入海域的探勘活動。但是,後來為了避免國際紛爭,各方遂停止在東海探採石油。然而,隨著海底資源開發技術的發展、國際原油價格節節攀升,以及聯合國海洋法公約的生效,中、日雙方圍繞在東海油氣田的爭端再度爆發出來。由於中國開始在日本主張的「中間線」附近開採石油,造成日本的強烈反應,雙方衝突不斷升級,值得臺灣密切關注。深究中、日在東海發生爭端的根本原因..
In the late 1960s, marine geologists had predicted that the continental shelf in the East China Sea is rich in oil and gas. This finding shocked the surrounding regions of Taiwan, Japan, and China, leading to a fever of oil exploration. These countries then stopped the exploration to prevent further international disputes. However, as new seabed resources exploring technology is developed, rising price of crude oil, and the implementation of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the conflict of the East China Sea oil and g..
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