國際關係理論多集中於討論無政府狀態(anarchy)假設延伸下的國家互動,對國際體系中的層級(hierarchy)現象,並沒有多所注意。尤其新現實 主義的研究典範,忽略國際體系發生層級結構的可能性,更輕視討論層級結構的價值。
層級結構是國家在國際體系內追求發展與生存的過程中,所衍生出的一種權力分配暨權威(authority)規範的建構結果。霸權穩定論(Hegemony Stability Theory)與權力轉移論(Power Transition Theory),從權力分配角度對國際層級作出初步的探索。新自由制度主義則討論霸權運用國際制度取得正當性統治的形式,不過沒有觸及權威對霸權統治的影響。
層級結構不單單是相對國家間掌握權力資源高低所形成的等級,更代表了強權國家對弱勢國家所擁有的權力作用。此種權力的支配作用,會因為彼此關係的制度化,而具備權威的正當性,進而降低了霸權統治從屬國的成本,更舒緩了權力資源分配變化對霸權更迭的作用。國際體系中的層級結構,具有行為者權力資源分配不對稱、國際權威地位差別化、行使國際權利不對等及決定國際規範議程能力失衡等特徵。
層級並不是單純地物質力量分配的結果,而是國際物質權力分配與國際觀念分配互構下的產物。運用國際體系權力分配與權威規範密度作為評比項目,吾人可以得到國際體系的無層級原始狀態、鼎立附庸、大國協調、兩極鬆散、兩雄扈從、制度兩霸、朝貢體系、單極順服與全球帝國等不同的國際層級類型。在不同的層級結構中,霸權統治方式與統治成效均有所不同。
Neorealism and Neoliberial-institutionalism have paid little attention to the international hierarchy because international hierarchy could not take place in an international anarchic structure.
The international hierarchy is a constructed result coming from the interaction of power distribution and normative authority in the process of which states seek survival and development in the international system. The international hierarchy has four characters: the asymmetry of actor’s power resources, the differentionation of international authority rank, the inequality of state’s exercise of international rights, and the imbalance of international agenda-setting capability. Hegemonic state inclines to decrease her ruling cost and widen her authority in the hierarchical structure in order to obtain a durable position of superiority.
There are hierarchical structures in different kinds of international distribution of material power, such as the original structure without hierarchy, the partron-obediance, the concert, the bipolar of loose compliance, the bipolar of institutional compliance, the tribute system, the unipolar compliance, and the world empire. Thus, in each different hierarchical structure, the ruling cost of the hegemonic domination is different.
本文試圖深入分析私權威的概念,並評析近期學界對於自願性全球標準的研究成果。本文認為,私權威的概念能對全球治理研究提供兩項重要貢獻:首先,私權威的概念挑戰了強調國際無政府狀態的傳統觀點以及以國家為中心的研究途徑。其次,私權威的概念有助於研究者以行為者導向的途徑來解釋全球治理中的變異現象。以私權威的概念作為基礎,本文疏 理了自願性全球標準的發展情勢,並以氣候債券倡議組織作為關鍵個案,評析自願性全球標準的三個研究方向:自願性全球標準的形成、自願性全球標準在形式上的變異,以及自願性全球標準的成效..
This article examines the concept of private authority and the current studies of voluntary global standards. This article argues that the concept of private authority can contribute to the study of global governance in two ways. First, the concept of private authority challenges the traditional views of international anarchy and the state-center approach. Second, the concept of private authority provides the foundation for the actor-oriented approach to explain the variation in global governance. Based on the concept of private authority, ..
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