人類安全的概念首次出現在聯合國開發計畫署(United Nations Development Programme, UNDP)於 1994 年出版的人類發展報告之中,自此 之後,人類安全與人類發展等概念廣為各國採用與學界討論。其中位於東南亞的泰國,於 1997 年遭受亞洲金融風暴的襲擊後,在泰皇蒲美蓬 (Bhumibol Adulyadej)的倡導之下,積極推動強調「以人民為主」(people- centered)的人類安全概念。雖然泰國在許多方面表現出對於人類安全的重視,但泰國從 2005 年開始出現「紅黃之爭」的政治動盪,對於民眾的日常生活與性命財產造成嚴重威脅。軍方更是於 2006 年與 2014 年兩度發動政變,接管行政與立法部門,並發布全國戒嚴令,人民的言論與集會結社自由被壓抑。司法部門也不斷介入政爭,數次做出對塔克辛(Thaksin Shinawatra)陣營不利的判決,發動「司法政變」(judicial coup)。這十餘年來的紅黃之爭、軍方介入政治與司法雙重標準都讓泰國陷入政治安全的困境之中。本文主要針對泰國這幾年來的政治安全困境進行分析,認為泰國從 1960 年開始推動以曼谷為核心(Bangkok-based)的國家經濟發展計畫,忽略曼谷以外地區的經濟發展需求,進而導致人類安全重要測量指標出現明顯的區域落差,長期以來形成曼谷中產階級與北部、東北部中下階級的對立,是造成泰國這幾年政治安全困境的主要原因。
The concept of human security first appeared in the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) 1994 Human Development Report. According to the report, the scope of human security should be broadened to include seven issues: economic security, food security, health security, environment security, personal security, community security and political security. Since then, concepts of human security and human development are widely adopted and implemented by states and commonly discussed in the academic world. Thailand actively promotes the idea of human security and people-centered security concept since the 1997 Asian financial crisis. However, the political conflict between the red-shirt and the yellow-shirt in the past decade caused dilemmas of political security. This research paper aims to explore the current status of political insecurity in Thailand since the second half of 2005. We argue that Thailand was divided into the urban middle class in Bangkok and central Thailand and the rural poor from the North and Northeast of Thailand due to uneven regional economic development policies. The government adopted the five-year National Economic and Social Development Plan ( NESDP ) since 1961, which centered Bangkok in national economic development. The Bangkok-based development policy was the main factor of the division that resulted in the decade-long political turmoil, and consequently caused political insecurity in Thailand.
本文觀察台灣與韓國發展過程的差異,對兩地金融危機形態以及金融重建進展的影響。兩國金融重建過程的差異受到危機形態的制約,這又受到之前發展形態的影響,亦即是否出現雙元經濟:同時存在一個面對軟預算的內需部門與一個面對硬預算的出口部門。韓國的金融危機,除了一開始的壞帳率較高之外,更包含外匯危機,另外出口重心的財閥負債淨值比高,而且很多是國際的借貸,產生急迫的壓力要採取結構性的改革措施以挽回市場的信心,不同面向改革工程在短時間內次第開展。雙元經濟的存在使台灣的金融危機..
This paper explores how patterns of development affect types of financial crises and financial restructuring by comparing the experiences of Taiwan and South Korea. With or without the presence of dual economy determines the nature of the financial crises, eventually affecting the scopes and paces of restructuring packages in the two countries. Dual economy in this context denotes the coexistence of an efficient exporting sector and an inefficient domestic sector. The financial crisis in South Korea involved high initial non-..
2006年9月19日泰國爆發字1991年以來首次的軍事政變,結束了長達近一年的反塔克辛運動,總理塔克辛(Thaksin Shinawatra)被迫下台並流亡海外,臨時政府預計將以一年的時間進行政治改革,修訂新憲法與重新舉行國會大選,塔克辛時代正式宣告結束。事實上,2001年時塔克辛率領泰愛泰黨(Thai Rak Thai Party)以極大的差距擊敗民主黨(Democrat Party),順利當選泰國總理,歷經四年的執政之後,再度於2005年獲得連任。儘管塔克辛具有龐大民意的支持,但由於..
The first coup d’etat since 1991 in Thailand on 19 September 2006 ended not only the year-long anti-Thaksin demonstrations, but also Thaksin’s political career. The provisional government, led by General Sonthi Boonyaratglin, organized by the Council for Democratic Reform (CDR), was determined to restore a democratic government, to revise the new constitution, and hold a general election within one year. In the 2001 general election, Thaksin Shinawatra led the Thai Rak Thai (TRT) Party and triumphantly defeated the Democratic Pa..
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